Analytical Essay Using Realist Theory Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analytical Using Realist Theory - Essay Example The recent past has revealed that countries like China have consequently developed strong economy that has threatened your country’s stability at the helm of super power. In addition to this, convergence by European countries to form the European Union is also a sign of power struggle in the world. In addition to this, there has been considerable rise in uprisings in many countries in the Middle East leading to what is commonly known as the Arab Spring. Mr. President, I would also wish to bring to your attention about the current Ukraine crisis with Russia not forgetting that Russia is the largest supplier of oil and gas in the world. The recent outbreak of Ebola disease in Africa that has also seen the spread of the disease in your country Mr. President is also an indication that there is a lot of power imbalance in the current world according to realists. Moreover, Mr. President, I would like also to draw your attention to the recent conflict in Syria that indicates the concept of statism that simply implies that the State is premier and hence any other actors involved in world politics are of no significance. I would also like to bring into your attention the manner in which the Syrian conflict was resolved. China and Russia influenced in a huge amount on UN sanctions that a imed at reducing violence in Syria. From the scenario, it is evident that Russia and China can greatly influence UN decisions hence illustrating that no international bodies may govern sovereign countries.

Professional Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Professional Issue - Essay Example In nursing, a combination of clinical experience, technical skill and theoretical knowledge is required in providing high standard care (Funnell et al 2009). Hence, an Act of Parliament in 2002 created the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) to regulate nurses, and protect the public by ensuring that nurses provide high standard of care to the patients (Kozier et al 2008). NMC code of conduct stipulates that nurses are obligated to act ethically and are accountable for their own actions (NMC 2010). This essay will reflect on the roles and responsibilities of a registered nurse in relation to consent to treatment. For this reflection, I will apply Driscoll’s (2007) reflection model that asks three main questions: What? So what? and Now, what? (Bulman & Schultz 2008). To protect the anonymity of patients and staff, real names shall not be used (NMC 2008). Nurse role in relation to consent What? Luke is an 18 year old male with a diagnosis of major depressive with psychotic sympt oms. He was admitted informally to acute mental health inpatient following an impulsive overdose few months after the death of his father. On a morning shift during my placement, Luke was elated in mood, very anxious and was observed to be experiencing auditory hallucination saying that â€Å"he wants to go and rest with his deceased father". Hence, Nurse A decided to urgently administer his medication after consulting with the duty doctor who prescribed Risperidone 2mg. Luke refused to take the medication stating that his mum has not been informed. However, Nurse A had an informal discussion with Luke where she informed Luke that he would not be allowed to the servery if he does not take his medication. Hence, Luke reluctantly took the medication without formally consenting to it. Hence, Nurse A breached the informed consent requisite to care when she failed to adequately provide information to Luke and his mother and enable them to make an informed decision. So What? Luke was adm itted informally and had previously made an advanced directive to have his mother make the medical decisions for him. Elkin et al (2007) noted that in advance directives, patients communicate their wishes or values about future medical care to help guide decisions that include overwhelming illness, sedating drugs or unconsciousness, when the patient can no longer participate. It is a means of empowering a person with mental illness by increasing autonomy and decreasing coercion in the treatment they receive (Kozeir et al 2008). According to the Department of Health (DoH 2008), patients may want to nominate a person to be notified of, or involved in, decisions related to their treatment and care. The involvement of his mum can have a major benefit for the treatment and care of Luke. DoH (2008) asserts that such involvement can provide reassurance to Luke, who may feel distrustful of practitioners who are relatively unfamiliar and unknown to him, or able to impose compulsory measures on him. However, Nurse A administered the medication without adequately informing the patient and his mother. Thus, nurse A’s actions violate Luke’s right to informed consent. The role of nurses is to gain informed consent based on the provisions on standards of conduct indicated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). Even if Luke handed the reins of the decision-making authority to his mother, Mental Capacity Act (MCA 2007) stipulates that patients must be informed in which circumstances they can be treated without

The Power Of China And The Shang Dynasty History Essay

The Power Of China And The Shang Dynasty History Essay As we know it today, China has been one of the most powerful countries in the world. Early China is much different from what we know to be the Republic of China. Before becoming one giant country, China was divided into many kingdoms settled along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. With origins dating back well over five thousand years, historians have been able to uncover facts about the Chinese dynasties to as early as 1700 B.C. Artifacts such as animal bones, turtle shells, and bronze weapons with messages written on them are a few items that show existence of the people that lived there. These oracle bones are said to be the earliest form of written records, showing subsistence of an era to be known as the Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty, known to be the longest ran dynasty in the history of China, has been noted to have been ruled by at least 31 emperors. Each king, chosen based on hereditary, simultaneously acts as priests that serve as the connection between their people to the spirit world. As the religious leader the kings were responsible for making animal sacrifices and interpreting messages that were written on oracle bones prepared by divine followers. The writings on the oracle bones show evidence that the Chinese had a strong belief in supernatural forces. In fact, the meaning of the oracle bones was to communicate with the gods. After exposing the bones to fire the Chinese would inscribe questions and concerns on the matters of the world. During the Shang dynasty China was classified as an agricultural society. One major issue during the Shang dynasty was their association with war and combat. With the discovery of the new technology of horse-drawn carriages, it has been noted that these tactics were what aided their rise in power in northern China. After many years of ruling the Shang dynasty was overthrown by a powerful young state later to be known as the Zhou dynasty. The Zhou embraced the political system of the previous dynasty, but made a few changes. The Zhou continued to practice the Shangs idea of dividing the kingdom into different regions in which king selected officials managed. As the Zhous establishment began to expand began to create organizations that were responsible for the overlook of education, law, and even public works. Much like the Shang, the Zhou people believed in a close relationship between the king and the gods of heaven. To represent the overthrown of the Shang, the Zhou people created the idea of the mandate of heaven which would also be adopted by many succeeding dynasties. The mandate of heaven explains that the heavens give the power to kings to keep rule over society as long as he does it to please the gods and protect the interest of his people. But if the gods were not pleased in the way the king ruled, the mandate would be taken away from him. Thus resulting in his overthrowing and replacement by a new ruler that accepted heavens mandate. The idea of the mandate of heaven was closely associated with the reason of the Zhous triumph over the Shang dynasty, and also becoming the structure of following Chinese tradition. The decline of the Zhou dynasty started to become evident around the sixth century. As the power of the central government began to weaken, conflicts between different principalities began to escalate. At the expense of the king, his governing officials power began to climb as they began to regulate the local economy. By creating government monopolies and imposing taxes on key resources such as salt and iron. During the last couple centuries of the Zhou dynasty, the authority of its king started to become minimal. Several of the smaller areas of the Zhou kingdom began to divide and evolve into powerful states which created a potential threat to the then Zhou emperor. At first, the rivalries were calm but by the end of the end of the fifth century the bitter jealousy sparked into civil war. This time period is what to be known as the Period of the Warring States. With new methods of warfare emerging such as the invention of iron weapons and crossbows along with introduction of foot soldiers and cavalry, the states feuded with each other over control of the empire with no regards to the authority of the Zhou court. With the advantage of a strong defensive position in the mountains, the state of Chin easily conquered their main rivals through invasion or tactful maneuvering. In 221 B.C. the Chinas first genuinely unified government was established. The reason of triumph of the Chin over its neighboring states has been heavily associated with the character of its fearless ruler, Shi Huang Ti. Ti strongly believed in unity and peace of the empire over the violence and chaos of the previous dynasties. In efforts to end the philosophical ideology of feudalism embraced by the Zhou, Ti adopted the ideas of legalism. Those who opposed Tis idea of legalism were punished, even sometimes executed. Even books that contradicted the concept of legalism were burned. To fuel his efforts Ti began to strip the lords of their power, giving them no governing authority and also preventing them from having their own military force. Instead of having many different armies Ti brought the idea unifying these militaries to make one strong force. Many fundamental and political advancements were birthed under the legalistic theory, most of them survived throughout the Chin Empire served as standard for future dynasties. Very unlike the Zhou, the Chins centralized government was divided into 3 le vels of primary ministries: civil and military authorities and a censorate, whose purpose was to investigate the effectiveness of officials throughout the system. Under the central government were two levels of administration: provinces and counties. Also unlike the Zhou system, officials did not inherit their positions but are appointed by the court and subject to dismissal at the emperor will. The Chin dynastys totalitarianism based government also consisted of a penal code that was strictly enforced. Punishments for wrongdoers were usually subject to fines or taken to prisons and forced to do convict labor. With the convict labor of about a half million prisoners the Chins building program flourished. Many of Chinas historic landmarks were built during their rein such as the Great Wall of China which stretched more than 1,500 miles, the Grand Canal which links the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, tombs and also 16 palaces. The Chin Empire quickly began to fall after the death of its em peror in 210 B.C. After the disappreance of the Chin the idea absolute rule of Chinese society would be viewed as betrayal of the new humanistic principles. But on the other hand the Chin system, although somewhat extreme, was a successful answer to a large, complex society.

Behind The Scenes :: essays research papers fc

BEHIND THE SCENES In the aftermath of the untimely death of Princess Diana a timeworn issue re-plays itself like a tired re-run of “The Honeymooners.'; Does the media go too far? Maybe. But like any other commodity, supply and demand go hand and glove. Whether a high profile celebrity or an every-day Joe, we sit glued to our chairs as the nightly news somberly announces society’s latest barbarity. We eagerly snatch up the tabloids as these mudslingers breathlessly divulge their version of the most recent Hollywood gossip. The fact is that America has become obsessed with the goings on in other people’s lives. Greedy consumers of the First Amendment, we march defiantly under the banner of our “right to know';, but do we have just cause? Differences and difficulties in interpretation have characterized much of the later history of the First Amendment and historians continue to debate what the nation’s founders meant to include when they wrote that there shall be “no l aw'; abridging the freedom of speech or press. Today the U. S. Supreme Court blindly inches its way across the tightrope of censorship. Laws prohibiting obscenity and indecency have been successfully incorporated and public sentiment has historically served to curtail the over-zealous journalist. However the moral fiber of society has degenerated from its once prim and proper past, and the press now vulgarly oversteps the boundaries of decency with little retribution. In the words of Chief Justice Warren Burger, “The First Amendment should not be interpreted to include the protection of frivolous gossip that “lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value'; (Grolier Encyclopedia 1996, Miller v. California). The People’s “right to know'; does not justify the growing abuse of our right to Freedom of the Press. The negative effect upon today’s society is only beginning. Tabloids not only thrive on; they encourage the invasion of privacy. In an era defined by celebrity worship, Americans have become increasingly tolerant of what is acceptable concerning media coverage of celebrities’ private lives. It is unfortunate that Princess Diana died for a blurry picture, a pointless snap from a speeding motorcycle. Dodging tabloid photographers she was simply trying to preserve some privacy by holding back the media intrusion. In the sixteen years since her marriage, she became not only the most famous woman in the world, but the only personality who consistently sold big in the global marketplace (Alter, Dying 39).

Colgate-Palmolive Company profile Essay

Colgate –Palmolive is a well-known brand that served more than a billion of people all around the world in different country. This company is founded in 1806 and the founder is known as William Colgate. For now, Colgate is running in a multinational consumer products company that focused on the production, distribution and provision of household, health and personal care products. Meanwhile, the mission and goals of Colgate is by reducing total delivered cost, extending technology resources and developing excellence in purchasing, logistics and sourcing processes to provide Colgate with a significant competitive advantage (Colgate World of Care, 2014). Product Overview Nowadays, Colgate provides oral care, personal care, home care and pet nutrition product under different trusted brands like Colgate, Palmolive, Speed Stick, Protex, Ajax, Axion, GLO, Softlan and Lady Speed Stick. In our opinion, Colgate should come out with a new production line extension for kid’s toothpaste by adding more different flavor. As what we know, nowadays most of the parent will let their kid’s to choice their own toothpaste, so that they will more likely to brush their teeth daily with using their favorite toothpaste. Besides, this new product line extension will also provide Colgate to have a more competitive advantage in the market. Competitor Analysis The major competitor for this new product line extension is Kodomo Lion. This company is the leading company in Malaysia for kid’s toothpaste as they are the specialist in this region (Kodomo Lion, 2014). Next, the strength of this strong competitor is they are specialist in producing kid’s toothpaste for many years, their brand is well-known by a lot of customer that have children and the consumer have bigger confidence for Kodomo kid’s toothpaste against other competitors as the toothpaste that produce by Kodomo contain ‘Xylitol’, which is something that could reverse early formation of tooth decay in teeth (Shen Li, 2014). But, there is also a weakness of this strong competitor. Kodomo Lion is not often to have an advertisement for their product, therefore, Colgate have a very big chance to increase their market in this region by attracting more new customer like new mother and father  that just have their kid’s. Target Market and Positioning Strategy By using the bases for segmenting consumer markets, demographic segment is the most suitable segment for this new product line extension by dividing the market into groups based on variables such as family size, family life cycle and age. On the other hand, the consumer in this target market must have the characteristic as the consumer household must have at least a kid`s and have the knowledge to maintain the health of teeth for kid`s. Example, parent and guardian; that both of them have the highest consumption of the product as there are the one that decide to purchase which brand of kid`s toothpaste even though they are the non-user in the product category. Then, when come to the positioning strategy, this new product could use the benefits, needs or solution positioning strategy. With adding more new flavor to this product that the competitor do not have, it will give the product a distinctive edge and this will also help the product to differentiate from the competitor as there is only a single company is producing this kind of flavor for kid`s toothpaste. Core Product The core product is the intangible product that cannot be touched (Cuccureddu, 2011). It is the benefits of the product that makes it valuable to the customers, which determine customer’s decision (Friesner, 2014). Therefore, when Colgate comes out with the kid’s toothpaste, it will emphasizes on the benefits that it enables clean, strong, and healthy teeth as well as the prevention of tooth decay for kids. It will also point out in all Colgate kid’s toothpaste advertisement that the calcium contain in its kid’s toothpaste is able to lead to a stronger and healthier teeth since calcium has been widely believed to have strengthen the teeth. Actual Product The actual product is the tangible and actual physical of product (Cuccureddu, 2011). It includes the level of quality, special product and service features, branding, styling and packaging (Friesner, 2014). In the case for this Colgate kid’s toothpaste, its actual product would be the toothpaste itself that contain high level of fluoride and calcium and also include different color of packaging for different type of flavor in order  to persuade customer to buy the toothpaste. For example, pink packaging for strawberry, orange packaging for orange, purple packaging for grape, and red packaging for apple. The most importantly is the logo, Colgate, which color can only be white to promote clean and healthy teeth. Augmented Product The augmented product can be referred as the non-physical part of product (Cuccureddu, 2011). It usually consists of additional features or benefits and added value to the actual product (Friesner, 2014). For the Colgate kid’s toothpaste, the important augmented features that it will have include is the flip-cap package so it will be more easier to use and also more convenient to store for the kids. Another augmented feature Colgate kid’s toothpaste has is that it offers a very lovely and likeable taste as well as fresher breath. Branding Colgate can develop a stronger branding for the kid’s toothpaste through advertising. For example, Colgate can advertise their product through magazine ads, commercial ads and printed ads that can be placed in billboards on roadsides, sides of buses and dentist offices. This can be done to promote the new kid’s toothpaste and create parents awareness at the same time as well as remind them of existing products. Packaging As for the packaging, Colgate kid’s toothpaste has to come in eye-catching and attractive colorful pack in order to get attention from customers. As mentioned earlier, the kid’s toothpaste should come with different packaging color according to the types of flavor so that parents or kids can easily locate it from the retailer shelf. Labeling When comes to the labeling, it is important for Colgate to have include label in the kid’s toothpaste as reference for the customers like parents. For example, it should include the list of active and inactive ingredients, purpose, direction to use, warning and many more to provide necessary information for the parents. Provision It is a wise idea for Colgate to market the kid’s toothpaste with user-friendly packaging such as flip-cap package to replace the old twist  cap. It provides a more convenient and ease of use of the toothpaste not only for parents but also for the kids so they won’t left the cap open. Promotion in the marketing is like a tool, which helps a company to let the people know about the product. The main purpose of the promotion is to Create Awareness, Persuasion, Education, Information, Emotion, Brand Loyalty, and Understanding. Adopting a good promotional strategy Colgate has succeeded to retain its customers and image. By this Colgate strongly focuses on different promotional strategies i.e. mass selling, advertising, publicity and sale promotion etc. Colgate has done in the past and still doing at the moment. Advertising Advertising is the paid and non- personal communication of a marketing message by an identified sponsor through mass media such as television, newspapers, magazines, Internet or radios (Levens, 2012, p. 228).Advertising is typically done to promote and inform consumers about the new products as well as build awareness among them. The reason we choose advertising as one of our promotional strategies is because it is a cost effective and creative way to communicate with group of customers, can effectively inform consumers about the features and benefits of the new product, it can help begin and maintain a dialogue with a target market. Our advertising objective is to inform and provide consumers with features and benefits of the new product as well as build awareness in the market to attract consumers. Our target market for this new product is kids, so we have decided to advertise our product through mass media such as commercials on TV, magazines and reading materials. Almost all groups of people will spend their time on watching TV so commercials on TV are essential and necessary to build awareness and attract our target market, kids. For example, when kids saw something they are interested in, definitely they will request their parents to buy it for them like every kids do. Of course, attracting kids only will not be enough to attract consumers. We have also decided advertise through magazines and reading materials to aware parents of the new product. Every parents are definitely willing to buy a product that will be best and benefits their kids. These will definitely stimulating the demand and hence boost the sales of this new product. Sales Promotion Sales promotion is defined as short-term activities that encourage the sales of a product or service. Sales promotion usually involved a wide assortment of tools such as coupons and premiums to attract customers. For examples: organizations use sales promotion to create response in the market by adding urgency, and changing what the customers perceive value for money. In this assignment we put our main focus on customer promotions. We would set up few kiosks in healthcare section of different shopping malls, and offer consumers our new flavor Colgate toothpaste in small packing for free when they tending to purchase Colgate toothpaste. Besides that, we will encourage those customers who tried the new flavor Colgate toothpaste to make a repeat purchase. To achieve that goal, we will offer them a value pack of our toothpaste in order to get their attention and make immediate purchase. With all these efforts, the purchase time will be shorten and achieving high sales (Hose, 2014). The cost will be high at initial stage, but eventually this would boost up the sales with low profits. Most important is we may achieve repeated sales of our new product, and also increase the market shares. In long term, if we putting more efforts on sales promotion, this will pull consumers away from our competitors such as Darlie, Sensodyne, Fresh & White and others. Lastly, the sales promotion can be used as a helpful marketing tool in order to achieve company promotional goal, as it may benefit Colgate to attract more new potential consumer further enhance the market share with their new flavor toothpaste (Boundless, 2014) Public relations Public relations is a communication that is designed to improve and enhance mutual understanding and positively affect relationships between marketer and its internal and external publics (Levens, 2012, p.233). The internal and external publics are people inside or outside the company such as customers, employees, suppliers, distributors, community members and others. The objectives of public relations are building product awareness, providing information and building goodwill among an organization’s target market through events, conferences, public appearance and sponsorship. We have decided to include public relations in our promotional tools because public relations objectives can be attained at a very low cost compared to other  promotional tools, well-structured public relation conferences, events, campaigns and sponsorship can reveal and expose more detailed information to target market. For example, we can organize special events on holidays to interact with consumers face to face in a more crowded area such as shopping mall, provide a talk for consumers about the features and benefits of the new product on how can it benefits the target market. We can also offer giveaway prizes of the new toothpaste in a smaller package to the consumers who have participated in the event to attract more consumers to attend the event. By this, consumers will have a chance to try our products thus we can get feedbacks from them. Besides, we can also organize ‘Health and Care’ campaigns in primary schools to inform the kids about the importance of brushing teeth and taking good care of our tooth. Hence, demonstrate on how to brush our tooth correctly and provide them with the new toothpaste in a mini package so that everyone can have a try. With the new flavors in the toothpaste, it is believed that kids will definitely attracted to the flavors and ask their parents to bu y for them. References List Boundless (2014) Sales promotion. Available from: https://www.boundless.com/definition/sales-promotion/ [Accessed 10 May 2014] Colgate World of Care (2014), Global Procurement Mission & Goals. Available from: http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/ContactUs/GMLS/MissionAndGoals.cvsp [Accessed 10th May 2014]. Cuccureddu, G. (2011). Co-creation And The Impact On The Three Levels Of Product. [online] Business Insider. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/co-creation-and-the-impact-on-the-three-levels-of-product-2011-9?IR=T& [Accessed 13 May. 2014]. Emily, W (2014) Marketing Mix – Promotion and Promotional Strategies. Available from: http://www.learnmarketing.net/promotion.htm [Accessed 9 May 2014] Friesner, T. (2014). Three Levels of a Product – Marketing Teacher. [online] Marketing Teacher. Available at: http://www.marketingteacher.com/three-levels-of-a-product/ [Accessed 13 May. 2014]. Hose, C (2014) Difference between Advertising Strategy & Promotion Strateg y. Available from:

Groups vs Individuals Essay

‘Individuals will complete a task more efficiently and effectively than a group. And training in group dynamics, whilst interesting, has no practical value as a means of increasing the standard of group performance’ (Mullins, 2007, p296). Essay This essay is going to examine the main differences between the work of individuals and the work of a group. The perception of the author of the essay title basically states that there are more benefits than drawbacks in the individual work when comparing to the group work as well as that a given task can be completed more efficiently and effectively by an individual. The other part of the title discusses that there is no increase in group performance even though training in group is more interesting and appealing. In order to examine these two statements it is essential to consider every effect that might have an impact on the work of both individuals and groups. What often comes to people’s mind when discussing the advantages and disadvantages of working in a group is that the more people you have the more ideas you have and that the more people you have the faster the given task is completed. This essay will reveal that it is not as simple as many of us might think and that there are many complex elements of people’s behaviour that might have both positive and negative effect on the final task result. In what follows, we’ll have a look at these factors and give reasons why should the work of individual be more effective than group work or why not. In this part of the essay we are going to have a look at how various individual differences affect individual behaviour in the workplace. Individuals in the organization explore five topics which are personality, perception, learning and motivation at work. All these five psychological aspects are very closely related to each other and they help us to understand behaviour in general as well as in particular but also to analyze the performance of work and the quality of working life. We have chosen to focus on one of these five topics – Personality. Firstly, it is required to comprehend what actually personality is. Despite of the fact, (Bratton, 2007) that any universal definition of personality has not been accepted yet, we define personality as a relatively resistant way of thinking, feeling and acting which characterizes a person’s response to his or her environment. However, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) there are some properties, which restrict our definition of personality, that are both stable and distinctive, depending on different situations and over time. In the case of stability, we are not interested in properties that are occasional and transient. For example, changes in person’s behaviour caused by the consumption of drugs or caused by some kind of illness are not considered as personality characteristics, unless they become permanent. However, there is one serious issue and that is the fact that personalities appear to be flexible. For example, a manager who appears to be very loud and emotionless in the office could be a caring and supportive parent in family life. In the case of distinctiveness, we must know that personality theory is related to properties that are unique to the individual and not to those that all or most other people share. For example, a man may be aggressive towards taxi drivers, friendly with waiters, loud at concerts and terrified of spiders. But the thing is that he may share some of these dispositions with a friend who breeds spiders. We also must know that, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) the theory of personality relies on two main propositions. One of them is that behaviour does not change frequently even though is has both stable and distinctive features. The other one is that it must be accepted they only way how to compare the distinctive properties is by comparing them to the properties of others. One of the many theories of personality is Eysenck’s three-factor model of personality. Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997), a well-known British psychologist born in Berlin, Germany, used factor analysis to originate his theory of personality. His theory declares, (Bratton, 2007) that a normal personality can be understood in terms of three basic factors : introversion ( a personality dimension that characterizes people who are territorial and solitary ) – extroversion ( a personality dimension that characterizes people who are outgoing, sociable and talkative ), stability – instability and self-control – psychoticism. Introversion is the opposite of extroversion, stability is the opposite of instability and self-control is the opposite of psychoticism. Eysenck created a two dimensional model which he believed captured the most important aspects of person’s personality ( see Figure 1. 0 ). [pic] Figure 1. 0 points out the effects of various combinations of the three dimensions and relates them to the four personality types (Bratton, 2007) originated by the Greek physician Galen in the second century AD. The fact that the two basic dimensions intersect at right angles ( in the sense that they are independent ) should be noted. Therefore, when we know what level of extroversion personality has it does not show us how emotionally stable the personality is. The level of person’s stability could be anywhere along the stability dimension. The other thing which the diagram reveals is that various combinations of the two primary basic dimensions make different personalities. For example, as we can see, an extroverted unstable person is touchy, restless and aggressive an extroverted stable person is sociable, outgoing and talkative. Eysenck’s theory puts in our mind that the type of personality might have a vast effect on an individual completing a given task. Therefore, a company should be very careful when hiring new employees. But on the other hand, hiring a suitable type of personality would bring a great effectiveness and efficiency into the company’s performance. In this part of the essay we are going to examine some problems that might occur in the work group. When speaking of groups we must understand what actually a group is. A group could be people waiting at a bus stop for a bus, audience in a theatre, people sheltering in a shop doorway from the rain or members of a football team. However, only one of the mentioned groups can be regarded as a work group and that is the football team. It is very significant to recognize a distinction between mere aggregates of individuals and psychological group. Consequently, we must know what characteristics a group must meet to become one. Firstly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) it is a minimum membership of two people. No ‘official’ size has been accepted, and different authors describe groups that range from two to thirty individuals. However, the more members a group has the more relations within the group there are. This fact might have a huge effect on the group performance whereas the bigger the group is the better level of communication is required and the more complex it is to operate the group effectively and successfully. Secondly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) every single member of the group must be able to communicate with every other member. In case of not meeting this criterion there might be some very serious problems in completing a given task. For example, if there was a group of three members and one member would not communicate with one of the other two members, the efficiency of the group performance would be hardly decreased. Thirdly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) members must have a shared sense of collective identity. Each member must be associated with the other members, not see him or herself as a individual working independently and at the same time all members must believe themselves in order to distinct the group from other groups. Failing to meet this criterion might cause a very negative impact on completing a task. For example, if one group member do not believe in some of the other member it might cause a tension between the members or it might make the disbelieving member work independently and again decrease the efficiency of the group performance. Fourthly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) members must have complementary goals. Each member of a group may have different goals which can be achieved only by membership of and participation in the group. Fifthly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) a group must have a structure. Every member of the group will have a different role, for example initiator, suggestion-provider, compromiser and etc. These roles tend to become fixed and indicate what members expect from each other. This criterion can be met only by following certain norms or rules. We believe that this is the most fragile part of work groups. Some people believe that rules are made to be broken and tend not to follow them. This can as well as the other criteria have a vast impact on the group performance. This part of the essay is going to be related to the statement that training in group dynamics, whilst interesting, has no practical value as a means of increasing the standard of group performance. First of all, we must gain knowledge of the term group dynamics. Group dynamics (Bratton, 2007) is the study of human behaviour in groups. The nature of groups, group development and the interrelations between individuals and group, other groups and other elements of formal organizations are included in this study. We have four major factors (Bratton, 2007) that influence group dynamics, but be aware that these factors does not attempt to create a theory of group dynamics, nor these factors can be applied to every type of group. These four elements are group context, group structure, group processes and group outcomes. We will have a closer look at the group structure. The group structure has a crucial role in group dynamics. It influences the way members relate and interact with each other and it also enable us to explain individual behaviour within the group. Without any doubt all of us have at least once found ourselves in a group. We know that group members within a group are not equal, do not have the same knowledge, have different perceptions and have different skills and abilities. This is where the differentiation takes place and where social relations are formed. According to Bratton (2007, p. 303) the group structure is the stable pattern of relationships among the differentiated elements in the group. Size of the group along other factors such as roles, status and leadership plays very important role in differentiation of a group. As we have mentioned earlier the more people you have in a group the more relationships there are and the more relationships there are the more likely a conflict might occur. For example, a group of three has three relationships, a group of four has six relationships and a group of seven has however 21 relationships. A big problem that might occur in a group is when a group has numerous members coalitions might intervene which means that some members align themselves against other group members.